Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Received Jun 12, 2022 Revised Aug 31, 2022 Accepted Oct 4, 2022 This article describes the construction of a dual-band planar monopole antenna. A microstrip patch antenna with a feedline impedance of 50 ohm and a patch composed of G-shaped and inverted L-shaped strips is used to make the suggested antenna ultra wideband for frequencies ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. In order to design the antennas, we need to know the dimensions 40x40x1.6 mm and the thickness of the ground plane (0.035 mm) (5.2 GHz). There is a method of altering the present distribution by introducing slots. the proposed worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) bands, with a peak gain of 5.2% and an omnidirectional radiation pattern, suitable for ultra wide band (UWB) were shown to be viable.


INTRODUCTION
Traffic management, communication, defense, and detection are just a few of the many uses for antennas.For this reason, the study of microstrip patch antenna has been picking up speed.In the field of electronics, the development of the microstrip patch antenna was revolutionary.Its widespread use is due in large part to its simplicity of production, cheap cost, consistent and reliable outcomes, and ease of accessibility [1]- [3].The ground and patch of a microstrip patch antenna are composed of the same material [4], whereas the substrate is constructed of a separate material [5], [6].The substrate layer is an insulating dielectric layer that separates the antenna patch from the ground [7], [8].A microstrip feed line connects the patch to the ground, which generates the radio frequency waves in the antenna [9].Dual-band patch antenna with G and inverted L shaped slots has been developed [10].Antenna patch feed lines were modified to get the required results [11]- [13].3.2 GHz and 5.2 GHz frequencies were found to be acceptable for a variety of wireless applications [14].WiMAX and WLAN applications are catered to in the final design.For this design, two Ushaped and one rectangular ground-plane slots are used to provide dual-band characteristics [15]- [17].A microstrip patch antenna with a frequency response of 3-11 GHz has been developed.It has been employed as a substrate and returned loss of -33 dB at the 3.2 GHz frequency and 21 dB at the 5.8 GHz frequency, which is lower than the return loss of FR-4.Gains of 4.08 dB in the 3.2 GHz band and 5.2 dB in the 5.2 GHz band [18]- [20], have been reported.WiMAX and WLAN applications were proven to be compatible with the architecture [21], [22].The intended results were achieved by designing a dual-band antenna [23], [24].

ANTENNA PARAMETER (METHOD)
A G-shaped patch antenna with an inverted L element is seen in Figure 1(a) frontal view and Figure 1(b) view from behind and measures 40 millimeters in width and 20 millimeters in length.We picked FR-4 as our dielectric material because of its relatively low dielectric constant (h=1.6 mm) and high dielectric thickness (d=4.3).The antenna is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line with a 3 mm wide width to match the antenna's impedance.Carved into the earth in order to produce dual-band radiation are both U slits and rectangular holes.0.035 millimeters is that of the copper used for the ground plane and patch.Table 1 displays the planned antenna's parameters.The dimensions of microstrip antennas can be determined using the (1), ( 2) [1].The width of patch is found by: (1) where h is the substrate's high.
The patch's length is determined by (4): The dimensions of the ground are provided by ( 5), (6): The length   and width   of feed line for microstrip are determined by (7), (8):

RESULTS OF THE SUGGESTED ANTENNA
The results of the dual-band antenna simulation have been generated.Modeling the desired geometry was done using CST.For WiMAX and WLAN, the antenna's bandwidth input S11 parameters had a coefficient of reflection less than -10 dB.There are two poles in the first band, which is shown graphically in Figure 2, with simulated frequency bandwidths in the ranges of 3.2 and 5.2 GHz.The Figure 3 shows the suggested antenna's gain for the two frequencies.Figure 4 display the antenna's directivity gain at (3.2, 5.2) GHz.The VSWR at the suggested antenna's central frequency is shown in Figure 5. Antenna reflection coefficient as a function of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) [25].
In the actual world, the importance of VSWR can never be overstated.Small VSWR values indicate that the antenna and transmission line are well matched.The optimal VSWR for an antenna one.Electrical energy cannot be transferred to the antenna when antenna and feed are incompatible (i.e., reflection occurs).Figure 9 illustrates the simulated findings as well as the actual data.There is a little discrepancy between the simulation and the observed results.These variations in frequency, fringing effect, and discontinuity are all linked to manufacturing mistakes.Front and rear views of the antenna as seen in Figure 10(a) frontal view and Figure 10(b) view from behind, have been constructed.Table 2 compares the dimensions of the suggested antenna to those of other antennas, resonant frequency, and antenna purpose.This table demonstrates that the suggested antenna is more compact and capable of supporting dual-band operation.

CONCLUSION
This study describes a WiMAX and WLAN dual-band microstrip antenna operating at 3.2 GHz and 5.2 GHz.Slits cut into the ground provide both the U and rectangular slots needed for the antenna to function.WiMAX and WLAN may both benefit from the results, which indicate acceptable return loss and gain.A -10 dB reflection coefficient is considered to be a good result.A prototype of the proposed antenna was built, and its performance was evaluated using computer simulations in (CST).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1. the suggested antenna geometry (a) frontal view and (b) view from behind Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  Design and analysis several band antenna for wireless communication (Abeer Khalid Nghaimesh) 209

Figure 6 (
a) at 3.2 GHz and Figure 6(b) at 5.2 GHz illustrates the distribution of surface currents at (3.2, 5.2) GHz with a maximum surface current of 92.4784 A/m and 75.3698A/m, respectively.

Figure 7 (
a) real and Figure 7(b) imaginary depicts the input impedance versus frequency of the proposed antenna.Simulation results for the antenna show that the input impedance at 3.2 GHz to have a real part value of 47.187 Ω and the imaginary has a value of around -1.33.At the 5.2 GHz, the input impedance is found to have a real part value of 51 Ω while the imaginary part has a value of -5.0287 Ω.

Table 1 .
Specifications for the suggested antenna design

Table 2 .
Comparison of the suggested antenna with others in references Design and analysis several band antenna for wireless communication (Abeer Khalid Nghaimesh) 213