Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Rajesh Singh, Konda Hari Krishna, Rajesh Kumar, Anita Gehlot, Shaik Vaseem Akram, Sushabhan Chodhury, Yashwant Singh Bisht, Kailash Bisht, Kapil Joshi Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehardun, India Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, India Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Meerut Institute of Technology, Meerut, India Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehardun, India Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehardun, India Uttaranchal Institute of Management, Uttaranchal University, Dehardun, India


INTRODUCTION
According to United Nations, sustainable development goals (SDGs) agenda, the cities need to be inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable along with advanced infrastructure [1].Streetlight is the primary source for providing illumination during the nighttime for a smooth and safe journey for humans and vehicles traveling on the road [2].Continuous illumination and improper management of lights are the few challenges that existed in streetlights.As a part of smart cities, the lighting system needs to be intelligent, sustainable, and durable.To achieve these targets, the normal lights are replaced with a light-emitting diode (LED) in the streetlights [3].However, the traditional approach allows them to illuminate streetlights continuously in case of the absence of persons and vehicles on the road.The advancement of the sensors and wireless communication technology empowers to implementation of the intelligent system with the internet of things (IoT) to achieve a smart lighting system [4], [5].In the previous studies of IoT-based systems, Zigbee communication and global packet radio service (GPRS) as a communication protocol in controlling the streetlight [6], [7].However, the IoT-based system implemented in the streetlight is powered by a battery source, where the communication protocol like GPRS consumes high energy and the Zigbee transmits only to the short-range.Long-range (LoRa) communication protocol has gained significant attention and also meets the requirement of IoT for LoRa transmission and low power consumption [8].
To manage energy efficiency and lower energy usage, many local government entities have switched from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights to LED technology [9].Since LED street lighting has ten times longer lifespan than HPS, it improves illumination efficiency while using less energy and requiring less maintenance [10].However, given that streetlights use 43.9 billion kWh of power annually [11], this technique is inadequate to achieve the energy reduction targets.As they account for thirty percent of the world's total energy consumption, streetlights are the main source of energy consumption in cities.In smart cities, the importance of smart infrastructure often plays a vital role.In smart cities, the lighting system heavily relies on road lights to illuminate the light used to guide pedestrians and cars.Through wireless communication, the relevant electric authority is also informed of a lighting system fault.The importance of improving the infrastructure with little complexity and greatest advantages is growing as metropolitan city populations rise.Individual systems are now being implemented in smart cities for managing lighting, monitoring environmental factors, security surveillance and counting vehicles on the road.So, when the lighting system integrates with many apps, it helps city administration keep track of things like humidity, temperature, traffic movement, and security.using a single system.An example of a single system is a smart streetlight.For instance, if the smart streetlight integrates with a security camera and it integrates with intelligence capabilities, and LoRa communication, the security camera recognizes the situation, provides pictures to the emergency unit, and turns on the light to assist.
Smart lights make it feasible for streetlights to deliver flexible services to urban residents in the future [12].A smart streetlight that can autonomously modify light intensity, act as a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and show weather information, traffic signs, electrical vehicle (EV) charging, video surveillance, and solarpowered energy are now possible because of advances in sensor and LoRa-IoT communication technologies [13] that enable us to access sensor data on the server on the environment, traffic, number of cars, and pedestrians crossing the street light [14].With the motivation from these aspects, this study proposes a LoRa and IoT server-based architecture [15]- [17] for controlling the streetlight.The main contribution of the study is as follows: i) proposed a LoRa and IoT server-based architecture for automation and controlling of streetlights, ii) the hardware implementation of the proposed architecture is realized in real-time, iii) the sensor values of the LDR sensor are logged on the IoT server, and iv) for establishing the link between the smart streetlights and IoT server, LoRa is coupled with a Wi-Fi module.The organization of the study is as follows: section 2 discusses the state of the art and overview of LoRa-IoT; section 3 covers the proposed system; section 4 illustrates the implementation and results and section 5 covers the conclusion.

STATE OF ART AND OVERVIEW OF LORA-IOT
The lighting system plays an important role in providing light on the streetlight.We will discuss the current research on lighting systems and smart cities.The wireless technologies and methods that are implemented in the previous studies are addressed in this study.In addition, we'll go through an overview of LoRa-IoT and related technologies that help create the smart street light in the context of a smart city.

State of art
Nourildean et al. [18] reviewed the applications of IoT-enabled wireless sensor networks (IoT WSN) security problems, and the energy efficiency and routing topologies of ZigBee WSN.Kamasetty et al. [19], developed a system that works both with and without internet access to monitor the traffic density and saves it in the cloud.The deployment of IoT smart cities in Bandung is based on IoT network connectivity with six technical evaluation criteria: gateway requirements, traffic/data projection, the best signal level area distribution, and overlapping zones with LoRa wide area network (LoRaWAN), narrow-band IoT (NB-IoT), and random phase multiple access (RPMA) [20].Khan et al. [21] focused on the cyber physical system (CPS) in terms of how crucial it is in the modern environment.In addition, this article examines the significance of CPS and how it relates to the IoT.
Adi and Kitagawa [22] performed LoRa testing dependent on various distances by transmitting barometric pressure, temperature, and humidity sensor through the sensor node with ADR and automatic sleep mode algorithms, and sensor nodes are constructed.Ghasemi and Saberi [23] focused on two elements of the intelligent transportation system and smart governance to uncover the critical elements that would make Birjand city a smarter city.Research by Zainal et al. [24], assess the performance of LoRa radio networks under the shadowing effect and a realistic distribution of smart city utility nodes to gain a better understanding of such LoRa technologies.A weather-friendly streetlight control and maintenance system is implemented with the Boltuino (Bolt IoT+Arduino) platform, which combines LDR with an energy-saving LED to adjust light intensity [25].Developing an ethernet system for communication between a public street Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  Long range and server inspired internet of smart street lights (Rajesh Singh)

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lighting system with integrated control and monitoring based on the IoT, including sensors such as the PZEM-004T and LDR, as well as an Arduino Mega 2560 microprocessor system, relays, and a software graphical user interface (GUI) [26].
A simulation of vehicle and pedestrian traffic is interfaced with a distributed street lighting system with IEC 61499 standard to quantify the energy-saving potential of a street lighting automation system that exploits real-time sensing information of individual road users [27].Integrate and implement a global system for mobile communication (GSM) module into smart street lights to broadcast an emergency message and change the color of the street light LED to red and also act as a warning signal for approaching cars to detect [28].Zigbee-based remote street light is developed to control the intensity of the light, where it illuminates street light by detecting vehicle movement, and climatic conditions [29].Passive infrared (PIR) sensors detect approaching traffic and activate a cluster of lights that encircles it [30] and throughout the day, the light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensor will detect when there is no need for light and the light will be turned off [31].LED streetlights with various wireless sensors to link to the internet and allow them to monitor and receive the most up-to-date information as well as modify their status remotely [32].
ZigBee technology is being used to construct a smart street lamp control system to reduce excessive fog on the expressway and the major component of the system is the CC2530, which collects temperature and humidity on-site in real-time and uses that data to operate the LED street lamp switch for lighting [33].Instead of using an astronomical clock and a MOSFET-based driver circuit to control the intensity of an LED array, a microcontroller and real-time clock can be utilized to provide statistical data based on geographic location [34].IR, PIR, and LDR sensors are used in combination with wireless technology microcontrollers to detect the conditions, and data will be delivered and received as the system is connected to the IoT [35].Users will be able to track real-time updates and be advised of any changes ahead of time a result, contributing to the development of autonomous street lighting [36].

Overview of LoRa-IoT
The LoRa-IoT [37]- [40] is a recent communication paradigm that shows the near future, in this, the substances of daily life will be equipped with microcontrollers, mobile communication transmitters, and suitable protocols that will make possible interconnection with other devices and users will indeed become an important part of the new age of the internet [41], [42].The IoT is a collection of identifiable devices, computerized electronic devices.Information may be sent via a system using wireless communications without the requirement for a PC or human intervention [43].In the cities and their environment today, the existence of many deficiencies (pollution, fire accidents, and industrial accidents) can be seen, which can be reduced with the use of technology, in this case with the implementation of this paradigm, that of IoT [44], [45], it is possible to increase the awareness in the city.This whole concept can be called safe or smart city [38], [39] which can improve services and effective use of the city's resources.A safe city is characterized by using information and communication technology infrastructure (ICT) [46], human resources, social capital, and industrial resources for economic development, social or environmental sustainability, and high quality of human life.The development brings with it some drawbacks, which if not properly managed can make life in cities unsustainable.Control of air quality and pollution improves our natural environment and thus our quality of life.For this reason, looking for a way to monitor these parameters and bring these analyzes closer to citizens would help improve decision-making.IoT is one of the technologies [47] having inevitable results in nature in the development of computer science and the underlying technology.It aims in serving humanity in various forms, such as virtual reality types of equipment, environmental monitoring equipment, and so on.IoT helps in achieving the complete functionality of a service or a product with minimum or no human intervention or interference [48]- [50].

PROPOSED SYSTEM
In smart cities and villages, streetlight plays a crucial role in providing enough light on the roads during dark time.A smart streetlight is a type of illumination that adjusts to the movement of people, bicycles, and automobiles.When no activity is detected, smart street lighting dims; but, when movement is detected, it brightens.This sort of lighting differs from traditional, fixed lighting and dimmable street lighting that dims at predetermined intervals.In this paper, IoT and LoRa radio-based smart motion sensor for smart cities and villages is proposed to reduce energy consumption.Figure 1 shows the proposed architecture for smart streetlights in which it illuminates the light based on vehicles and any other objects passing away from the streetlight.This will also save energy consumption because streetlights will glow only when the vehicle or objects move over the road.2(a)).The information related to streetlights is transmitted the long range and the control of the streetlight can be implemented from any location, as it is connected to the internet.Figure 2(b) shows the IoT-LoRa gateway which consists of a computing unit, display unit, power supply, Wi-Fi, and LoRa.The computing unit is connected to the Wi-Fi, LoRa, and display unit.The LoRa is embedded in the gateway to receive the information from the sensor node interfaced to the streetlight, while the Wi-Fi module in the gateway enables to connect to the internet for transmitting data on the cloud server [51], [52] and this gateway will be placed in the location where the internet connectivity is stable.

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
The proposed architecture is realized by implementing its hardware in a real-time environment.In the hardware of the sensor node, the ATMega 328P controller and 433 MHz LoRa RF module are integrated along with PIR and LDR sensors.433 MHz LoRa RF module established low power WAN between the sensor nodes and the gateway.The hardware of the sensor node also comprises FTDI programmer pins, the distinct voltage converters (+3.3V, +5V), and the different power trails (+12V, +5V, +3.3V, and GND).
FTDI programmer pins enable the load of the firmware, the distinct voltage converters enable to supply of appropriate voltage to the components integrated on the board.In the hardware of IoT-LoRa gateway, ATMega 328P controller, 433 MHz LoRa module are embedded.Along with these components, we have embedded ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module to connect the hardware to the cloud server.After the development of the hardware, the firmware is loaded concerning the application of streetlights.Now the hardware is interfaced to the streetlight, which is located on the university premises and the gateway is positioned where the internet connectivity is available.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Proposed architecture of smart street lights

Figure 3
illustrates the firmware uploading in the smart motion sensor and IoT-LoRa gateway.Here we have connected the IoT-LoRa gateway on the local IP network through the IP address 192.168.204.164.The sensor node is deployed in the streetlight of the university campus and the gateway is placed far away from the sensor node.Figure 4 illustrates the light intensity sensor values (LUX) that are obtained from the light intensity sensor of the sensor node.The recorded light intensity value of the sensor node is 6.0 LUX.The motion sensor embedded in the sensor node activates and controls the intensity of the streetlight through a light dimmer.The status of each streetlight can also be viewed on the local server as ON/OFF.Moreover, based on the intensity of the light, the streetlight also regulates the light intensity through a light dimmer.The sensor values of the light intensity are logged on the cloud server through LoRa and internet connectivity.The visualization of LUX values and the status of the light enables authorities to visualize the real-time status of light from any location through internet connectivity.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Firmware development of hardware

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Sensor values on the server